Revisión de técnicas de fitorremediación de suelos contaminados con metales pesados provenientes de la actividad minera e industrial.

Abstract

Soil contamination by heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Hg, Cd, Zn, As, V, Mo, Cr, Mn, Co and Ni) has harmful effects that can be detected several kilometers from the emission source, Effects that have a direct impact on the ecosystem, fauna, flora and human health. Therefore, the implementation of heavy metals soils contaminated remediation is essential. However, despite numerous conventional technologies that have been used in situ for this purpose, many of this techniques are limited by factors such as high cost, deterioration of soil properties, alterations of native flora and fauna, among other. This article aims to provide a consultation tool through a compendium of phytoremediation techniques and methodologies (phytoextraction, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization, phytodegradation and rhizofiltration), also a comparative analysis of research work carried out in recent years, both in developed countries and in developing countries. Additionally, relevant information is presented about genetic modification, use of worms, fungi, chelators, among others, which ones with phytoremediation may become remedial techniques par excellence in the future.