Encapsulamiento de residuos de ceniza de combustión, vidrio de ampolletas, pilas usadas y plástico utilizado en minería : encapsulamiento de pilas, ceniza, vidrio y lona de minería.

Abstract

The purpose of this curricular integration work was to prepare a menu for the encapsulation of hazardous waste in a concrete matrix, where the greatest amount of waste in the concrete aggregates was replaced and exhausted batteries were encapsulated. For this, four types of hazardous waste provided by the Hazwat company were selected: combustion ash, glass from vials and perfumes, plastic used in mining, and used batteries. The characterization of the aggregates was carried out with the purpose of dosing a concrete with a resistance to compaction greater than 210 kg/cm2 where infiltration processes are reduced, and because the concrete with the fine aggregate is replaced by waste and piles. encapsulated would cause the reduction of its resistance. It was done through physical tests such as granulometry, apparent density, specific weight, abrasion, organic content only for sand and real density for high-resistance IP cement, in which the results obtained were favorable for the elaboration of a structural concrete. Likewise, the characterization of hazardous waste was carried out, in which parameters that could alter the resistance of the encapsulation matrix were determined, and these were pH, moisture content and sulfate content, and the concentration of As, Hg was determined. , Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Mn and Zinc by atomic absorption spectroscopy, pollutants whose concentrations are regulated in Municipal Ordinance No.404 with the exception of Mn. These concentrations were compared with the LMP and the excess in which they intervened at the beginning was established. Next, four menus were made in which a part of the fine aggregate was replaced by hazardous waste (microencapsulation) with the exception of batteries, in percentages of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and 3 buckets of 15 cm x 15 cm for each percentage as well as two blanks, in the center of which the piles were placed, occupying a volume of 100 cm3 (macroencapsulation). Once the samples were obtained, the compressive strength was determined in one of each percentage and in one of the blanks, whose value was slightly less than 210 kg/cm2. The two remaining samples of each percentage were subjected to a leaching process with the EPA method 1315, under which a semi-dynamic leaching tank was set up for each sample and a control of the pH and electrical conductivity of the leachate was carried out, measured for a period of 112 days. Finally, the concentration of each contaminant in the leachates of each of the cubic samples was determined with the different replacement percentages, which were again compared with the LMP established in Municipal Ordinance No.404, with the absence of the most polluting as are As, Hg and Cd. A Cr concentration of 0.04 mg/L for 5%, 0.06 mg/L for 10%, 0.03 mg/L for 15% and 0.05 mg/L for 20%, values much lower than the established 5.0 m/L. For lead, a concentration of 0.03 mg/L was obtained for 5%, 0.03 mg/L for 10%, 0.05 mg/L for 15% and 0.04mg/L for 20%. , values much lower than the established 5 mg/L. In the case of Ni, values of 0.01mg/L were obtained for 5%, 0.02 mg/L for 10%, 0.02 mg/L for 15% and 0.02 mg/L for the 20%, however, this element is not regulated. Mn was not detectable for the 5% replacement sample, it was present at 0.01 mg/L for 10%, 0.02 mg/L for 15%, and 0.03 mg/L for 20%. however, this element was not regulated either, as was Zn, which was totally absent. Based on these results, it was concluded that the encapsulation was efficient for all the cubic samples, in addition that the piles inside the cubes did not fracture, of which the absence of Hg, Zn and Cd confirm this fact. The dosage with which the proposed objectives were achieved was the replacement of residue by 15% of the fine aggregate where the cubic sample reached the highest resistance of 199.96 kg/cm2 and at the same time encapsulated the largest amount of corresponding residue. To 0,610 kg per cubic sample. "